Introduction to Linux & Basics Commands.

History of Linux🐧

🐧 Linux is a free and open-source software operating system from the Unix family.

👨‍💻 It was developed by Linus Torvalds, a student at the University of Helsinki, in September 1991.

📩 He posted the first code of Linux 0.01 on the Minix newsgroup on September 17, 1991.

💻 Due to its popularity, he continued to develop new code and released the first official version of Linux, version 0.02 on October 5, 1991.

🚀 Today, Linux is one of the most popular operating systems.

💪 90% of the fastest supercomputers run on Linux variants, including the top 10.

Basic Concept of Linux Programming

• 🐧 Linux is an open-source operating system kernel that is highly adaptable

• 💻 Widely used for server-side applications and powers significant digital infrastructures

• 🌎 Has evolved into a culture and ecosystem of its own.

• 💡 Linux programming requires knowledge of C programming language and an understanding of its potential uses.

🏢🐧 Linux Architecture: Building Blocks of the OS! 🧱

1. 📲 Application 📲- Applications in the Linux architecture are software programs that run on top of the operating system and interact with its components.

2. 🐚 Shell 🐚- The shell is like the command center of our building. It provides a command-line interface where you can interact with the system using text commands.

3. ⚙️ Kernel ⚙️- The kernel is the core of our building, providing essential services and managing resources. It acts as a bridge between the hardware and software layers, ensuring smooth communication and coordination.

4. 🖥️ Hardware 🖥️-The hardware represents the physical infrastructure of our building. It includes your computer's components like the processor, memory, hard drive, graphics card, and other peripherals.

   

🐧📁Linux File System Hierarchy

• In Linux everything is represented as a file including a hardware program, the files are stored in a directory, and every directory contains a file with a tree structure🌳. That is called File System Hierarchy.

• 🔝Linux uses a single-rooted, inverted tree-like structure.

• Root Directory represents with / (forward slash) It is a top-level directory in Linux.

• 📂 The file system hierarchy starts from the root directory ("/"), which is the primary hierarchy root and the root directory of the entire system.

• 🔐Only the root user has write access to the root directory.

• 🏠 The root directory is not the same as the user's home directory ("/home").

• 📦 Essential command binaries are located in the "/bin" directory.

• 🔧 Common Linux commands used in single-user mode are found in "/bin". 🔌

• The "/boot" directory contains boot loader files like kernels and initrd.

• 🖥️ Essential device files are stored in the "/dev" directory.

• 📝 System-wide configuration files are located in the "/etc" directory.

• 🏠 Users' home directories are stored in "/home".

• 📚 Libraries essential for binaries in "/bin" and "/sbin" are found in the "/lib" directory.

• 💿 Mount points for removable media are located in the "/media" directory.

Linux🐧 Basic 👨‍💻 Commands

📂 Navigating the File System 📂

• ls: List files and directories in the current location.

      ls [options] [directory]
  

• cd: Change the directory to navigate through different folders.

      cd [directory]
  

• pwd: Print the current working directory.

      pwd
  

📝 Working with Files and Directories 📝

• mkdir: Create a new directory.

      mkdir [directory]
  

• touch: Create a new empty file.

      touch [filename]
  

• cp: Copy files and directories.

      cp [options] [source] [destination]
  

• mv: Move or rename files and directories.

      mv [options] [source] [destination]
  

• rm: Remove files and directories.

      rm [options] [file/directory]
  

  🔍 File and Text Manipulation 🔍

• cat: Display the content of a file.

      cat [filename]
  

• head: Display the first few lines of a file.

      Syntax: head [OPTIONS] [FILE]
  

  EXAMPLE:

      head -n 10 myfile.txt
  

  In the example above, -n 10 specifies that you want to display the first 10 lines of the file.

• tail: Display the last few lines of a file.

      tail [options] [file]
  

  EXAMPLE:

      tail -n 10 file.txt
  

  In the example above, displays the last 10 lines of the file "file.txt"

🔧 System Administration 🔧

• sudo: Execute a command with administrative privileges.

      sudo [command]
  

• apt-get (for Debian-based distros) or dnf (for Fedora-based distros): Package management commands for installing, updating, and removing software.

• sudo apt update: Used to update the package index files to get the latest list of available packages in the repositories.

      sudo apt update
  

• sudo apt upgrade: Used to install available upgrades of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources configured via sources.

      sudo apt upgrade
  

🔒 User and Permission Management:

• whoami: Print the current username.

      whoami
  

• passwd: Change the password for the current user.

      passwd
  

• useradd: Add a new user.

      useradd [options] username
  

• What is the Linux command to check your present working directory?

      pwd
  

• What is the Linux command to List all the files or directories including hidden files?

      ls -a
  

• What is the Linux command to create a nested directory A/B/C/D/E?

      mkdir -p A/B/C/D/E
  

👨‍💻Benefits of Linux 🐧

• 🆓 Cost-effective: Linux is free and open-source, saving you money on licensing fees.

• 🔒 Secure: Linux has a robust security framework, making it less vulnerable to viruses and malware.

• 💪 Customizable: Linux allows users to personalize their operating system according to their preferences and needs.

• 🚀 Performance: Linux is known for its efficiency and performance, making it ideal for resource-intensive tasks.

• 🌍 Compatibility: Linux supports a wide range of hardware architectures and has extensive software compatibility.

• 🔄 Stability: Linux is renowned for its stability and reliability, offering long uptimes and minimal crashes.

• 👥 Community Support: Linux has a vibrant community of users and developers who provide support, guidance, and regular updates.

• 📚 Open-source Software: Linux provides access to a vast repository of free and open-source software, fostering innovation and collaboration.

• 🌟 Scalability: Linux scales seamlessly from small devices to large servers, making it suitable for diverse environments.

• 💻 Versatility: Linux offers a range of distributions and desktop environments, catering to various user preferences and requirements.

• Embrace the power of Linux and unlock a world of flexibility, security, and customization! 🐧✨🔓

  🌟 Conclusion:

  Congratulations! 🎉 You've taken your first steps into the fascinating world of Linux. We hope this blog has given you a taste of what Linux is all about. Remember, Linux is a vast and versatile operating system, with endless possibilities waiting for you to explore! 🚀 Embrace the penguin power and have fun with your Linux journey! 🐧💪

  🔍 Did you find this blog helpful? Let us know in the comments below! 👇 And if you have any questions or need further assistance, we're here to help! 🤗

  Happy Linux-ing! 💻✨